What did Gu Yanwu propose in response to the drawbacks of the Song and Ming Dynasties?

Gu Yanwu was a famous ideologist, politician, and scholar in the late Ming Dynasty. He put forward many drawbacks and ideas about the Song and Ming Dynasties. The following are some of his main points: 1 "Daoism, Confucianism, and Mohism": Gu Yanwu believed that in the development process of the Song and Ming Dynasties, Confucianism gradually lost its original local characteristics and was replaced by foreign philosophical thoughts, causing the thoughts to become "Daoism, Confucianism, and Mohism". He advocated to get rid of the shackles of Confucianism, advocated to directly understand things, and opposed the idea of "catchphrases" and "Xuantan School". 2." Statecraft and application ": Gu Yanwu believed that the Song and Ming Confucianists placed too much emphasis on statecraft and ignored the spirit of humanism, causing scholars to only pay attention to the academic itself and ignore the practical application. He advocated returning to the Confucian idea of "learning to apply" and combining academic and practical applications. 3."Four Books and Five Classics": Gu Yanwu believed that the Four Books and Five Classics were Confucian classics and the foundation of learning. He emphasized that students should be familiar with the Four Books and Five Classics to understand the cultural implications and apply them to their real lives. 4."Real learning": Gu Yanwu advocated that learning real learning was the method of learning practical knowledge. He emphasized that one could only truly master knowledge through practice. 5." Constitution of the Monarchy': Gu Yanwu believes that the Song and Ming dynasties 'Confucianism led to the strengthening of the autocratic monarch and therefore needed to be reformed. He proposed the idea of a 'constitutionalist monarchy', advocating the establishment of a constitutionalist monarch system so that the emperor would have a certain amount of democratic rights. Gu Yanwu proposed many drawbacks of the Song and Ming Dynasties 'Confucianism and advocated to get rid of the shackles of Confucianism, advocate a direct understanding of things, combine academic and practical applications, and emphasize the constitution of the monarch.

According to Materials 1 and 2, Gu Yanwu summarized the drawbacks of the academic atmosphere during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and made the following claims: 1. Oppose statecraft: Gu Yanwu believes that ancient scholars should take academics as their foundation and research academics as their profession. They should not blindly pursue practicality because academics themselves have no practical value. 2. Advocates seeking truth from facts: Gu Yanwu believes that academics should pay attention to seeking truth from facts, not be divorced from reality, not exaggerate facts, and not make false statements. 3. To advocate erudition: Gu Yanwu believed that ancient scholars should have the ability to learn and be versatile, be able to master a variety of knowledge, and should not be limited to a certain field, but should develop in an all-round way. 4. Oppose plagiarism: Gu Yanwu believed that academic research should focus on creativity, not plagiarizing other people's research results, not plagiarizing other people's intellectual property rights. Therefore, he proposed the idea of a "daily update system". 5. Advocates independent thinking: Gu Yanwu believes that academics should pay attention to independent thinking, not blindly following others, and not be influenced by others 'thoughts. Therefore, he proposed the idea of combining "statecraft and application" with "independent thinking".

This question involved history, politics, culture, and many other aspects that required detailed analysis and judgment. However, from the perspective of historical facts and cultural heritage, there was indeed the influence of pedantic scholars on political power in the Song and Ming dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, some pedantic scholars concentrated the political power of the country in the hands of a few people by writing some unrealistic scriptures and theories, limiting the freedom of speech and thought, resulting in the lack of innovation and progress in society. In addition, these pedantic scholars also manipulated the political situation to exclude dissidents, causing political corruption and division in the country. In the Ming Dynasty, some pedantic scholars even grasped political power and became dictators. They were addicted to academics and poetry and lacked practical political ability and leadership experience, unable to effectively deal with various problems and challenges at home and abroad. However, it should be noted that the pedantic scholars of the Song and Ming Dynasties were not the only cause of the country's demise. In fact, the political, economic, and military factors at that time, such as foreign wars, natural disasters, economic decline, and social unrest, also had an important impact on the country's development. Therefore, to look at history from a comprehensive perspective, one could not simply attribute a single factor to the demise of an entire country.

The Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing literature referred to the four periods in the history of Chinese literature and many famous literary works of this period. The following are some representative works of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties: - Song Dynasty literature: Song Dynasty literature was an important period in the history of Chinese literature, including Su Shi, Xin Qiji, Li Qingzhao, Lu You and other famous writers. Their literary works included "Dongpo Zhilin,""Two Main Ci of the Southern Tang Dynasty,""The Phoenix with a Head,""The Feelings of the World,""Shuidiao Getou,""Bingchen Mid-Autumn Festival," and so on. - Literature of the Yuan Dynasty: The literature of the Yuan Dynasty was a short period in Chinese history, which included many famous writers. Their literary works included "Dou E Yuan","The West Chamber" and so on. These works were regarded as classics in the history of Chinese literature. - Ming Dynasty literature: Ming Dynasty literature was another important period in Chinese history, which included many famous writers. Their literary works included Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margins, Golden Lotus, and so on. These works were regarded as classics in the history of Chinese literature. - Qing Dynasty Literature: The Qing Dynasty literature was a peak period in Chinese history, which included many famous writers. Their literary works included 'Dream of the Red Chamber',' The Scholars 'and so on. These works were regarded as classics in the history of Chinese literature. The literature of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties was an important period in the history of Chinese literature. These works not only had high literary value, but also had a profound impact on Chinese culture and history.

The Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties referred to the four periods in the history of China literature, namely the Song dynasty (960 - 1279), the Yuan dynasty (1271 - 1368), the Ming dynasty (1368 - 1644), and the Qing dynasty (1644 - 1911). During this period China literature experienced great changes and development, resulting in many outstanding literary works. The following are some representative works of literature: - Song Dynasty literary works: poems, essays, and novels by Su Shi, Xin Qiji, Li Qingzhao, and Lu You; - Yuan Dynasty literary works: Yuan Qu, Zaju, novels, etc.; - Ming Dynasty literary works: novels such as "Water Margins","Journey to the West" and so on; - Qing Dynasty literary works: novels such as Dream of the Red Chamber, and many other works such as prose, poetry, and opera. These literary works not only occupied an important position in the history of China literature, but also had a profound impact on the literature of various countries in the world.

The Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties referred to the historical changes between the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties in Chinese history. The Song Dynasty (960 - 1279) was a dynasty in Chinese history. It was the general name of the three dynasties of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the Later Shu, the Southern Tang, and the Northern Song. The Song Dynasty's politics, economy, and culture had all developed greatly. It was known as the era of "economic prosperity, cultural prosperity, and martial arts strength." The Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368) was a dynasty in Chinese history. It was established by the Mongol Empire in the late 13th century. The territory of the Yuan Dynasty was unprecedentedly vast, including present-day China, many countries in Asia, and a part of Europe. The ruler of the Yuan Dynasty was Kublai Khan. He implemented a series of important reforms, such as the implementation of the "central power" system, the development of territory, the development of energy, etc., which made the politics, economy, and culture of the Yuan Dynasty develop greatly. The Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) was a dynasty in Chinese history. It was the dynasty after the Yuan Dynasty and also the "Renaissance" period in Chinese history. The political system of the Ming Dynasty was relatively perfect. The economy was prosperous, the culture was prosperous, and the foreign policy was flexible. Science and technology developed rapidly. The leaders of the Ming Dynasty were Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Di, Wanli, etc. The Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1912) was a dynasty in Chinese history. It was the dynasty after the Ming Dynasty. The political system of the Qing Dynasty was relatively perfect. The economic center of gravity moved southward. The culture was prosperous. The martial arts were strong. The foreign policy was tough. The development of science and technology was slow. The leaders of the Qing Dynasty were Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, etc. In Chinese history, the change between the Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty was an important historical event. It marked the end of China's feudal society and China entered a capitalist society. The change between the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty marked the decline of China's feudal society and the beginning of the modern process.

The twenty-four dynasties did not mention the four dynasties of Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing.

Gu Yanwu was a historian and politician during the Ming Dynasty. He was known as the " Duke Yanwu " and " There will be no more Yanwu after Gu Yanwu ". He was one of the most important figures in modern Chinese history. It was said that Gu Yanwu had read many ancient books, including the Book of Changes, the Spring and Autumn Annals, and the Book of Songs. He also dabbled in other disciplines such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, etc. He made important contributions to the development of natural science at that time. One of Gu Yanwu's most famous stories was the story of him reading thousands of books. It was said that he once insisted on studying on a rainy day, even if it was snowing heavily outside. He even walked in the snow for a long time until he finished reading all the books. Gu Yanwu's story of reading thousands of books reflected his pursuit and love for knowledge, as well as his perseverance and determination. He became a knowledgeable politician and historian through his extensive knowledge and made important contributions to China's modern construction.

The Song and Ming Dynasties 'Confucianism was one of the most important schools of ancient Chinese philosophy. Its main ideas included "preserving the natural order and eliminating human desires","achieving conscience","combining knowledge and action", etc. Its influence on Chinese culture was very far-reaching, mainly reflected in the following aspects: 1. The influence of Confucianism: Confucianism is an important branch of Confucianism. It has a profound influence on the development of Confucianism. The Song and Ming Confucianists emphasized on "the pursuit of conscience" and "the unity of knowledge and action", which made Confucianism emphasize more on human self-cultivation and self-improvement, and more on human social responsibility and moral obligations. 2. The influence of philosophical thoughts: The ideas of the Song and Ming Dynasties had a profound influence on the development of ancient Chinese philosophical thoughts. The idea of "preserving the natural order and eliminating human desires" put forward by Song and Ming Confucianism made ancient Chinese philosophy pay more attention to human free will and individual independence, which had a profound impact on the thinking pattern of ancient Chinese philosophy. 3. The influence of education and culture: The influence of Song and Ming Confucianism on ancient Chinese education and culture was also very important. Song and Ming Confucianism emphasized that the purpose of education was not only to cultivate people's moral character and talent, but more importantly, to cultivate people's sense of social responsibility and moral obligation, which made ancient Chinese education pay more attention to the connection and interaction between education and society. 4. The influence of social phenomena: The influence of Song and Ming Confucianism on ancient Chinese social phenomena is also reflected in some aspects. The Song and Ming Confucianists emphasized the principle of "conscience" and "unity of knowledge and action", which made people pay more attention to whether their behavior was in line with moral norms and social norms. To a certain extent, this promoted the improvement of the moral level of Chinese society. At the same time, it also influenced some social phenomena in ancient China, such as the attitude towards women, the elderly, and the vulnerable groups. The Song and Ming Dynasties 'Confucianism had a profound influence on Chinese culture, not only in the field of thought, but also in the development of Chinese culture.

The reason why the Song and Ming dynasties left a deep impression on people was that there were many unique characteristics and events in the historical process of this period. These characteristics and events intertwined together, causing the history of this period to seem to have obvious differences. The following are some of the factors that might have caused the Song and Ming dynasties to feel different: 1. Changes in culture and social systems: The Song Dynasty was one of the periods of cultural prosperity in Chinese history, while the Ming Dynasty realized many modernizations in many aspects. The technological development and commercial prosperity of the Song Dynasty promoted economic and cultural development, while the Ming Dynasty's industrialization and modernisation accelerated social and political changes. 2. Changes in the political system: The political system of the Song Dynasty was relatively loose, which led to corruption and dissatisfaction among the people. The Ming Dynasty, on the other hand, adopted an autocratic, central system to strengthen the government's control over society, leading to political corruption and social unrest. 3. Wars and Disasters: Both the Song and Ming Dynasties experienced many wars and disasters, which had a profound impact on social life and economy. For example, the Song Dynasty experienced three large-scale wars and the turmoil of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, while the Ming Dynasty experienced the humiliation and disaster of Jingkang. 4. Literature and art: The literature and art of the Song and Ming Dynasties had different styles and characteristics. The literature and art of the Song Dynasty paid more attention to expressing the lives and emotions of the people, while the literature and art of the Ming Dynasty paid more attention to expressing political and social issues. The Song and Ming dynasties had many unique characteristics and events in terms of history, social system, political system, war and disaster, literature and art. These characteristics and events intertwined, causing the history of this period to seem to have obvious differences.