The Stages and Characteristics of the Development of Renaissance Literature

The Renaissance was an important period in European history and also an important period in the development of literature. During the Renaissance, literature experienced three stages of development. The first stage was the period of literary revival from the late 14th century to the early 16th century. During this period, literature began to restore traditional literary forms such as poetry, novels, and plays, and some important literary forms such as shakespeare, cervantes, and virgil appeared. Their works not only rediscovered ancient literary classics, but also created new literary forms and styles. The second stage was the period of classical literature from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. During this period, literature began to return to classical literature in pursuit of the rigor of form and structure. Some important ones such as Bacon, Homer, and Vergil appeared. Their works were similar to classical literature in language, form, and content, and emphasized rationality and science. The third stage was the period of literary romanticism from the early 17th century to the middle of the 18th century. During this period, literature began to develop in the direction of sensuality and personality, and a group of important people such as Hugo, Dickens, and Maupassant appeared. Their works not only focused on describing the character's personality and psychology, but also emphasized sensitivity and imagination.

The development of modern Chinese literature could be divided into three stages: The period of the New Culture Movement (1915-1923): This was an important period in the history of modern Chinese literature and the beginning of the New Culture Movement. The cultural movement of this period advocated anti-feudalism, anti-imperialism, anti-traditional ideas to promote the reform and transformation of modern Chinese literature. The representative ones were Lao She, Mao Dun, etc. The May Fourth Movement (1919-1924): The May Fourth Movement was an important event in modern Chinese history and a continuation of the New Culture Movement. The literature of this period showed strong patriotic feelings and national pride, such as Qian Zhongshu and Lao She. 30's literature (1924-1949): This was another important period in the history of modern Chinese literature and also the low point of modern Chinese literature. The literature of this period showed strong social criticism and national hatred, such as Ba Jin and Ding Ling.

The Renaissance period was a very prosperous period for European literature. During this period, there were many important developments and innovation in Western literature. The following are some of the main developments: 1. Poetry: Poetry during the Renaissance came in various forms, including epics, lyrics, comedies, tragedies, and so on. Among them, the most famous poets included shakespeare, dickens, and da vinci. 2. Fictions: The novels of the Renaissance period developed into modern novels, such as Hugo's "Notre-Dame de Paris" and Tolstoy's "War and Peace". These novels were distinguished by their vivid characters and vivid plots. 3. Drama: Renaissance plays also made great progress, such as Hamlet and Othello. These plays were famous for their profound thoughts and rich characters, which had a profound influence on the development of European drama. 4. Prose: During the Renaissance, the forms of prose included diary, letters, essays, etc. Famous essayists included Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and shakespeare. Their prose works not only have literary value but also have extremely high artistic and philosophical value. 5. Religious literature: The religious literature of the Renaissance period was based on Christian mythology and doctrines. Famous religious literature works included the Bible and the Cathedral of Notre-Dame. These works not only deeply reflected the social and cultural environment at that time, but also had a profound impact on the later development of Christian culture and philosophy.

The development of literature has gone through many different stages. The following are the main stages of development: 1. The classical period: about 1000 B.C. to 500 A.D. Literature is mainly based on Greek and Roman mythology, legends, and legal texts. 2. Middle Ages: 500 - 1500 A.D. Literature was based on Christian doctrines, the Bible, classical literature, and folktales. 3. Renaissance: 1500 - 1700 A.D. Literature began to be influenced by the European Renaissance movement, including humanism, realism, symbolism, etc. 4 Baroque period: 1700 - 1800 A.D. Literature was mainly based on classical literature, Renaissance literature, romanticism, etc. 5. Romanticism: 1800 - 1900 A.D. Literature was mainly based on the influence of the Romanticism movement, including naturalism, expressionism, feminism, and democratism. 6 Modern period:1900 - 2000 literature is mainly based on modern, post-modern, realism, realism, and so on. 7. The contemporary period:2000 to the present, literature is mainly based on modernism, new media, consumerism, and global trends.

The development of Chinese literature could be divided into the following stages: 1. The traditional literature stage (from the early 20th century to the middle of the 20th century): During this period, Chinese literature was influenced by Western culture and began to transition to modern literature. The main representative works were "Dream of the Red Chamber,""Journey to the West,""Water Margins" and so on. 2. The New Culture Movement (from the middle of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century): During this period, Chinese literature set off the New Culture Movement, advocating new ideas, new literature, and new arts. The main representative works were "Scream,""Hesitation,""The True Story of Ah Q" and so on. 3. Modern literature stage (from the beginning of the 21st century to the end of the 20th century): During this period, Chinese literature made a major breakthrough and many excellent modern literary works emerged, such as Lu Xun, Lao She, Mao Dun, Ba Jin, etc. The works of this period were diverse and focused on expressing social reality. 4. The contemporary literature stage (from the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century): During this period, Chinese literature entered a new stage of development. The works paid more attention to reflecting the contemporary society and people's lives. Representative, Yu Hua, Jia Pingao, etc. 5. Modern literature stage (from the beginning of the 21st century to the present): During this period, many new literary schools appeared in Chinese literature, such as modern school, new realism, new martial arts novels, etc. These literary schools focused on the contemporary society and people's lives, but also paid attention to traditional culture and history. Representative, Ancient Dragon, Mo Yan, etc.

The development stages of the comparison literature can be divided into three periods from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century: 1 Early Comparatively Literature (Late 19th century to early 20th century) The main goal of this period was to explore the differences and similarities between different cultures. The famous pioneer of comparison literature was France. They revealed the complexity and variety of human society by comparing the society, history, art, and lifestyle of different cultures. 2. Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century In this period, the comparison literature paid more attention to the commonality and connection between cultures. For example, human feelings, desires, and values. At the same time, there were also some important theories such as cultural comparison theory and cultural multiculturalism. 3 Late period of literature (early 21st century to present) The later stage of the literature emphasized on cross-cultural communication and integration, emphasizing mutual understanding and respect between different cultures. The representatives of this period were Chandelier and Camus of France.

Han Fu was an important style in ancient Chinese literature and an important part of Han Dynasty culture. Its development had gone through several stages, and the following were its main characteristics: 1. Initial stage (104 - 6 B.C.): Sima Qian in the early Han Dynasty described some Fu works in the Records of the Historian. These Fu works had a relatively primitive form and mostly described natural scenery and war scenes. 2. Stage of development (2nd to 5th century AD): In the Han Dynasty, Fu gradually lost the simple and unsophisticated style of Sima Qian's era and gradually developed in the direction of magnificence, lyricism, and exaggeration. These works mostly described the life of nobles, banquets, love and so on. 3. The mature stage (from the 5th century to the 12th century): The Fu of this period reached its peak and formed a new literary form called "Fu of Sao". These works mostly expressed the author's lofty aspirations, thoughts, feelings, and attitude towards life. 4. Decline stage (12th century to the late Middle Ages): In the Tang Dynasty, poetry gradually replaced the status of Fu and Fu gradually lost its literary value. The development of Han Fu had gone through a process of evolution from initial creation to maturity and then to decline. Each stage had different characteristics and styles.

The literature of the Renaissance period was distinguished by its emphasis on humanism, its concern for human dignity and values, and its promotion of personality and freedom. At the same time, the literature of the Renaissance also reflected the social, political and cultural background of the time, such as opposing the autocratic rule of the church, advocating science and rationality, and emphasizing individual freedom. The main representative works of the Renaissance literature included the play of Hamlet by shakespeare, the sculpture of David by Michelangelo, and the painting of Mona Lisa by da Vinci.

The literature of the Renaissance was an important period in the history of European literature. Its literary characteristics mainly included the following aspects: Humanism: The literature of the Renaissance emphasized human dignity and value and advocated respect for human freedom, personality, and creativity. In literature, people often depicted the complexity and variety of human nature, emphasizing human freedom and dignity. Realism: Renaissance literature focused on describing real life and emphasized reality and objectiveness. The literary works often depicted social reality and real scenes of human life, reflecting the social style and the living conditions of the people at that time. 3. Literature style: The literature of the Renaissance period had unique literary styles, including Italian literature, Spanish literature, English literature, etc. Different literary schools have different literary styles and language characteristics. For example, Italian literature focuses on rhetoric and the beauty of language, while Spanish literature focuses on describing vivid and lively life scenes. 4. Literature: There were many kinds of literature during the Renaissance, including poems, novels, plays, etc. Among them, poetry was one of the most expressive forms of literature, emphasizing the expression of emotions and thoughts. The novel was another important literary form that began to have a complete story and character creation. The literature of the Renaissance emphasized human freedom, personality and creativity, but also focused on describing real life and true emotions. It had a unique literary style and language characteristics, which laid the foundation for the development of literature in later generations.

The Tang Dynasty was one of the periods of cultural prosperity in Chinese history, and literature also showed a trend of diverse development. The development of the Tang Dynasty literature could be roughly divided into four stages, each with its own unique characteristics and representative works. Early Tang Dynasty (618 - 649): This was a period of literary prosperity, and a group of outstanding poets and writers appeared, such as Wang Zhihuan, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, etc. Their works mostly reflect the real life as the theme, showing profound thoughts and feelings, but also created many new poetry forms such as five-character quatrains, seven-character quatrains and so on. 2. Mid-Tang Dynasty (649 - 907): This was the climax of the literary development of the Tang Dynasty. A group of outstanding poets and writers appeared, such as Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Luo Binwang, Han Yu, etc. Their works had a variety of styles, from the bold and unconstrained Li Bai and Du Fu to the graceful and restrained Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, poetry, prose, lyrics, and other literary forms had reached an unprecedented peak. 3. Late Tang Dynasty (907 - 960): This was the low point of the development of literature in the Tang Dynasty. Due to political corruption, economic backwardness and other reasons, the development of literature was seriously hindered. The writers in the late Tang Dynasty, such as Li Shangyin and Du Mu, had some literary achievements, but there was a big gap compared with the middle Tang Dynasty. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907 - 960): The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period was a blank period in Chinese history, but there were also some writers such as Wang Zhi and Huang Chao who had certain literary achievements. The above are the four stages of the development of Tang Dynasty literature. Each stage has its own unique characteristics and representative works.