What did the stylistic reform in modern Chinese literature refer to?

The stylistic features of Chinese literature mainly included the following aspects: 1. Traditional literature and emerging literature: Chinese literature has a long history. The literature of different periods has different styles and stylistic characteristics. Traditional literature included the Book of Songs, Chu Ci, and Han Yuefu. Its characteristics were lyricism, description, and discussion. The new literature included Tang poetry, Song poetry, Yuan opera, etc., which were all about the pursuit of formal beauty and superb techniques of expression. 2. Poetry and prose: In Chinese literature, poetry and prose are both important literary forms with different characteristics and expressions. The characteristics of poetry were lyricism, description, discussion, etc. They usually expressed profound thoughts and emotions in short and concise language. The characteristics of prose were narration, description, discussion, and so on. It usually used a large number of words to express objective facts and opinions. 3. Fictions and dramas: In Chinese literature, both novels and dramas are important forms of literature, with different characteristics and ways of expression. The characteristics of novels were description, narration, plot, etc. Usually, a lot of details and characters were used to express the story. Dramas are usually used to express the emotions of the characters and social reality, usually with complex plots and relationships between the characters to express the theme. 4. The classical Chinese and the vernacular Chinese: In Chinese literature, the classical Chinese and the vernacular Chinese are two different literary forms with different characteristics and expressions. The characteristics of classical Chinese were concise language and precise wording. It was usually used in formal occasions and classical literature. The characteristics of vernacular Chinese were that the language was easy to understand and the expression was smooth. It was usually used in novels, dramas, and other emerging literary forms. 5. Literature genre and theme: Chinese literature has many different literary genre and theme, such as the bold and unconstrained school of Tang Dynasty, the graceful and restrained school of Song Dynasty, the art of talking and singing of Yuan Dynasty, the martial arts novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties, etc. Different genre and theme have different literary characteristics and expressions. Chinese literature had also experienced many different historical events and eras, such as wars, political turmoil, natural disasters, and so on. These historical events would also affect the development and style of literature.

Chinese secular literature refers to the traditional Chinese literature that is aimed at ordinary people and reflects the real life. Different from the aristocratic literature and literati literature in ancient literature, it pays more attention to the lives, emotions and destiny of ordinary people and reflects the social reality and the sufferings of the people. Secular literature had a long history in China. From the Book of Songs to the novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they were all important representatives of Chinese secular literature. The main characteristics of secular literature are that it pays attention to realism and the expression of life philosophy, portrays vivid characters, plots, twists and turns, and the language is easy to understand, with a strong folk color and regional characteristics.

The stylistic features of Chinese literature can be summarized as follows: 1. Poetic tradition: Chinese literature has a deep poetic tradition since ancient times. Poetry has a unique position and role in Chinese literature. The form and content of the poem were rich in cultural and symbolic meaning. 2. Prose tradition: Prose is an important part of Chinese literature. Its forms are varied, including documentary prose, lyric prose, argumentative prose, etc. Prose is a true, objective, free expression of the characteristics of the emphasis on ideology and artistry. 3. The tradition of the novel: The novel is one of the most widely spread literary forms in Chinese literature. It has distinctive characters, plots, and topics. The traditional forms of Chinese novels include long chapters, short stories, and novels. 4. Traditional opera: opera is an important part of Chinese literature. Most of its forms are traditional opera forms, including opera songs, northern and southern songs, etc. The characteristics of opera are exquisite performance art, beautiful music, exquisite costumes and props, rich cultural content and artistic value. Couplet tradition: Couplet is a traditional literary form in Chinese literature with unique language charm and cultural implications. The characteristics of the couplet were neat, concise language, and rich rhythm. It was one of the unique artistic charms of Chinese literature. The stylistic features of Chinese literature are rich and diverse, and each style has its own unique characteristics and forms of expression. These characteristics and forms of expression play an important role in Chinese culture.

Western modern literature refers to a literary school that rose around the world in the early 20th century. It mainly originated in Europe and was widely developed in the United States. This literary school was distinguished by its emphasis on modernism and symbolism, which sought to deeply reveal the complexity and contradictions of the human heart, as well as the contradictions and transformations of social reality. His representative works include Carlos de Faulkner of Spain, William F Buckley of the United States, Mario Puzo of Italy, etc.

Modern German literature usually refers to the development of German literature after the 20th century, which spanned from 1900 to the beginning of the 21st century. During this period of time, German literature experienced many major changes and developments, including modernism, post-modernism, expressionism, realism, and so on. The representative works of German literature include works by Max Begman, Frederick Engels, Johannes Witzl, Flettman, Thomas Mann, and others.

There were three stages in the development of modern Chinese literature: The first stage (1949 - 1966): The Chinese classical literary tradition represented by Dream of the Red Chamber. The literary creation of this stage was mainly influenced by traditional culture, emphasizing morality, emotion, and philosophy of life, pursuing the coordination of form and artistic conception. The second stage (1966 - 1976): The literary tradition of the theory of contradiction and practice. The literary creation of this stage mainly reflected the criticism and exploration of reality, emphasizing ideology and political accuracy, pursuing realism and revolutionary. The third stage (1976 - 1980): the realistic literary tradition represented by "Ordinary World" and "Journey to the West". The literary creation of this stage emphasized the plot and character creation, and the pursuit of human nature and destiny reflected the true face of social life.

In the history of modern Chinese literature, there was a famous work that created a precedent for "reform literature", and that was "The Madman's Diary". Through the protagonist's madness, this novel expressed a strong criticism of the feudal system and the old culture, reflecting the author's dissatisfaction with the society at that time and his willingness to change. It was regarded as a milestone in the history of modern Chinese literature. A Madman's Diary initiated the reform of literature and led the new trend of thought in modern Chinese literature.

The "post-new period" of the development of contemporary Chinese literature refers to the development of literature since the 1990s, also known as "since the new century". During this period, Chinese literature showed an unprecedented prosperity. A large number of excellent literary works appeared, including novels, poems, essays, plays, etc. The development of literature during this period was influenced by many factors, including economic, political, social and other aspects of change, as well as the trend of global and information technology. During this period, Chinese literature not only regained its self-confidence, but also made many important achievements, such as Mo Yan's Nobel Prize in Literature, Yu Hua's "To Live" and other works were widely recognized and praised. During this period, the development of literature also faced many challenges and problems, such as the commerce of literature, the loss of literary standards, and the imperfect evaluation mechanism of literature. However, the Chinese literary world was still working hard to promote the prosperity and development of literature.

The "Four Great Love Legends of China" in Chinese folk literature refers to the four love stories in ancient China: Legend of the White Snake: The story of the love between the White Lady and Xu Xian is considered a classic Chinese romance novel. 2. The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl: It tells the love story between the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl. As their story is related to the Qixi Festival on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, it is generally considered one of the most famous love legends in China. 3. Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai: The story of the love between Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai is a classic work from the traditional Chinese opera, The Peony Pavilion. Romeo and Juliet: The story of the hatred between two families and the love story of two young people is considered one of the most famous love legends in Western literature.

The classic Chinese literature referred to the classic works of ancient Chinese literature, including Dream of the Red Chamber, Journey to the West, Water Margins, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Scholars, Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio, and so on. These works have an important position in the history of Chinese culture. Not only do they have high literary value, but they also have profound ideology and historical significance. They are regarded as an important part of Chinese traditional culture.