What did the " literature " of the Pre-Qin period refer to?

The literature of the Pre-Qin period included many types and styles. The following are some of the important contents: 1. Poetry: There were various forms of poetry in the pre-Qin period, including five-character poems, seven-character poems, Yuefu poems, ancient poems, etc. One of the most famous was the Book of Songs, which was one of the sources of ancient Chinese poetry. It contained a large number of poems that reflected social, natural, love and other topics. 2. Prose: Pre-Qin prose is an important branch of ancient Chinese literature, including the Spring and Autumn Annals, Zuo Zhuan, Gongyang Zhuan, Guliang Zhuan and other classic works. These works focused on the fields of history, politics, philosophy and so on, with high literary value and ideology. 3. Fictions: The novels of the Pre-Qin period mainly include Han Feizi, Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, etc. They are the pioneers of ancient short stories. They mainly tell the stories of some strategists and politicians with high literary value. Fu: Fu in the Pre-Qin period was one of the important schools in the history of ancient Chinese literature. It was mainly a kind of long lyric poem or narrative poem, which was mainly featured by magnificence, magnificence and exaggeration. 5 Legendary novels: Pre-Qin legendary novels mainly refer to works such as "Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio". They are the pioneers of ancient legendary novels. They mainly tell stories of some fairies, ghosts, immortals and other mysterious characters with strong superstitions.

The division of the pre-Qin literary schools usually included the following five main schools: 1. Confucian literature: mainly represented by the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, emphasizing moral education and humanism. 2. Taoist literature: with Laozi and Zhuangzi as the main representatives, they advocated the pursuit of nature and the essence of the universe, emphasizing "governing by inaction" and "following nature". 3. Legalism literature: Han Feizi and Shang Yang as the main representatives emphasized the rule of law and the will to power, emphasizing that personal interests should be subordinate to national interests. 4. Mohist literature: Mozi and his disciples 'words and deeds were the main representatives, advocating universal love, non-aggression, thrift, etc., emphasizing individual and collective interests. 5. Famous literature: Han Feizi and Hui Shi as the main representatives advocated the name, law, power, profit and so on, emphasizing the norms and influence of thought and behavior. These literary schools had their own characteristics in the Pre-Qin period, and they influenced each other and became one of the important periods in the history of Chinese literature.

The philosophers of the Pre-Qin period were an important period in the history of ancient Chinese thought. They had a profound influence on Chinese literature. The following are some of the main effects: 1. Confucianism: Confucianism is an important part of Chinese cultural tradition. It has the most profound influence on Chinese literature. Confucianism emphasized morality, etiquette, education, loyalty and filial piety. These ideas were widely used in Chinese literature, such as the Analects of Confucius, Mencius, and the Great Learning. 2. Taoism: Taoism advocates the way of nature, emphasizing "governing by inaction" and "following nature". This idea has also been widely used in Chinese literature, such as "Tao Te Ching","Zhuangzi" and other classic works. 3. Mohism: Mohism advocated universal love, non-aggression, thrift, etc. This thought had an important impact on the image of "chivalrous and righteous" and "serving the people" in the history of Chinese literature, such as some characters in "Mozi" and "Records of the Historian." 4. Legalism: Legalism advocates the rule of law and severe punishment. This kind of thinking is also widely used in Chinese literature, such as some villains in Han Feizi and Water Margins. 5. Military strategists 'ideology: The military strategists' ideology emphasized the idea of winning with fewer forces and winning by surprise. This ideology was also widely used in Chinese literature, such as some war descriptions in Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Dream of the Red Chamber. The thoughts of the Pre-Qin philosophers influenced the development of Chinese literature, making Chinese culture have unique characteristics and styles in terms of thoughts, literature, and art.

The Pre-Qin period was an important period of ancient Chinese literature, and its literary works had a profound impact on later generations. The following are some of the meanings of the Pre-Qin period to ancient Chinese literature: The pre-Qin literary works created a precedent for ancient Chinese literature. The literary works of the Pre-Qin period included poems, essays, novels, and many other literary forms such as the Book of Songs, the Songs of Chu, the Analects of Confucius, and the Mencius. They were all classics of ancient Chinese literature. 2. The pre-Qin literary works showed the social style and cultural characteristics of that time. The pre-Qin society was in a period of transformation. People's lives, thoughts, values and other aspects had great changes. These changes were reflected in literary works, forming a unique artistic style and cultural characteristics. 3. The pre-Qin literary works had a profound influence on the literature of later generations. The literary works of the Pre-Qin period not only provided inspiration and literary experience for later generations, but also influenced the literary forms of later generations such as prose, novels, and poems, becoming the origin and foundation of later literature. The characters and plots in the pre-Qin literary works were vivid and interesting. The language was concise and bright, with distinct personalities and characteristics. These characteristics had a positive impact on the creation of later literary works. The Pre-Qin period was the initial stage of ancient Chinese literature. Its literary works had a profound impact on the development of later generations of literature, and it was an indispensable part of the history of Chinese literature.

Pre-Qin calligraphy refers to the calligraphy styles of the Pre-Qin period in Chinese history (770 - 221 B.C.), including various forms such as official script, seal script, cursive script, running script, regular script, etc. In the Pre-Qin calligraphy, official script was the most common font. It was developed on the basis of seal script. The emergence of official script marked the beginning of a brand new stage in calligraphy and laid the foundation for the later development of calligraphy. There were many representative works of calligraphy in the pre-Qin period, such as Li Si's "Mount Yi Stele," Cao Quan Stele, Confucius Temple Stele, etc. These works had high artistic and historical value.

The Pre-Qin period (11th century B.C. to 221B.C.) was an important period of ancient Chinese literature and one of the earliest literary periods in China. The literary works of this period included poems, essays, novels, and many other types. The most representative works were the Book of Songs, the Songs of Chu, the Analects of Confucius, and the Tao Te Ching. In the Pre-Qin period, the development of literature was diverse and scattered. On the one hand, the forms of literary works were constantly innovative. For example, the Book of Songs used Fu, Bi, Xing and other techniques, while the Songs of Chu used a combination of poetry and Fu. On the other hand, the content of literary works was more colorful and reflected the social style, political situation and people's lives at that time. In the pre-Qin period, poetry was the most important and influential form of literature. There were many poems of different styles in this period. The most representative works included Peacock Flying Southeast and Ascending High. In addition, prose was also an important form of literature in the Pre-Qin period. Classic works such as Zuo Zhuan and Records of the Historian were formed during the Pre-Qin period. The novel form of the pre-Qin period also began to sprout, such as "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" and other works. At the same time, the philosophical thoughts and cultural traditions of this period also deeply influenced the development of literature. For example, the thoughts of Confucius, Mozi, Laozi and other philosophers had a profound impact on literature. The development of literature in the Pre-Qin period was diverse and scattered, which not only left a rich cultural heritage but also had a profound impact on later literature.

The pre-Qin literature, including the representative works of the various schools of thought during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, included: 1. Confucian classics: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Da Xue, The Doctrine of the mean, etc. 2. Taoist Classics: Tao Te Ching, Chuang Tzu, Xiaoyao You, etc. 3. Legalism Classics: Han Feizi, Shang Jun Shu, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, etc. 4. Mohist Classics: Mozi, Hundred Schools of Thought, etc. 5 Classics: Gongsun Longzi, On the White Horse, etc. 6. Yin-Yang School Classics: Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic, Yin-Yang School, etc. 7 Military classics: Sun Tzu's Art of War, Wu Tzu's Art of War, etc. In addition, the Pre-Qin literature also included some prose, poetry, Fu, and other works such as the Book of Songs, the Songs of Chu, and the Yuefu Za Qu.

There were many new features in the Han Dynasty literature compared to the pre-Qin literature. 1. Changes in literary forms: The literary forms of the Han Dynasty were more diverse, including Fu, Song, Poetry, Song, Inscription, and many other types. In contrast, the pre-Qin literature mainly consisted of poetry forms such as the Book of Songs and the Songs of Chu. 2. The change of literary style: The literary style of the Han Dynasty was more mature and rich, and the literary expression was stronger. The works of Han Dynasty literature had a wide range of topics, including politics, history, philosophy, military affairs, culture, etc., showing strong humane care and rational thinking. 3. Changes in literary content: The content of the Han Dynasty literature was more colorful. In addition to some myths and legends in the early days, the Han Dynasty literature began to involve a large number of real society issues such as war, economy, politics and so on. At the same time, Han Dynasty literature also showed the inheritance and development of ancient culture. 4. Changes in the influence of literature: The literature of the Han Dynasty had a profound influence on the literature of later generations and became the foundation of ancient Chinese literature. The unique style and expression of the Han Dynasty's literature in terms of narration, lyricism, and discussion influenced the literary and artistic creation of later generations.

The Pre-Qin period was the Spring and Autumn Period (770 B.C. -476 B.C.). The cultural movement in China included Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, Legalism, Military, Famous School, Yin-Yang School, Confucianism, etc. These ideologists each advocated different theories and argued with each other, forming a rich and colorful ideology and culture during the Warring States Period.

The literature of the Pre-Qin period was the beginning of the history of Chinese literature. The literature of this period had the following outstanding achievements and characteristics: 1. Emancipation of the mind: The pre-Qin literature is a special period of the mind's liberation in Chinese history. The literary works show the criticism and questioning of the old system and old ideas, and the exploration and liberation of human nature. 2. Prosperity of poetry: Pre-Qin poetry was the foundation period of ancient Chinese poetry. Many excellent poetry works appeared, such as the Book of Songs. These poems had strong local characteristics and styles, showing the culture and social life of the Pre-Qin period. 3. The rise of prose: Pre-Qin prose is the origin of ancient Chinese prose. Many excellent prose works such as "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" appeared. These prose works not only had philosophical and historical value, but also focused on expressing personal thoughts and feelings. 4. Many literary schools: There were many different literary schools in the Pre-Qin period, such as Confucianism, Taoism, and Mohism. These literary schools had their own characteristics, forming a rich and colorful literary style. 5. Rich language: The literary works of the Pre-Qin period used a large number of dialect and spoken language. These languages had unique charm and expressiveness, which provided an important language foundation for later literary works. Pre-Qin literature is an important part of the history of ancient Chinese literature. Its outstanding achievements and characteristics have provided important reference and enlightenment for later literary creation.