Summing up the new phenomenon of the development of commodity economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the development of China's commodity economy was very prosperous. During this period, China's economy experienced a transition from a feudal society to a capitalist society, and the commodity economy gradually matured. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the development of commodity economy in southern and northern China was different. In the south, especially in Jiangnan and Fujian, because of the convenient terrain, developed commerce and large scale of trade, a relatively complete commodity economy system was formed, and many famous commercial cities such as Suzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, etc. appeared. The rise of these cities not only promoted the development of the local economy, but also promoted the development of the entire commodity economy. Although the northern regions, especially the central plains, were relatively developed, they were slightly inferior to the southern regions in terms of scale and degree. During this period, the agricultural economy in the northern region developed rapidly. Many agricultural products and handicraft products were oversupplied, so the development of the commodity economy was relatively lagging behind. In addition to the south and north, there were also some new areas of development in the China economy during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as foreign trade, salt industry, textile industry, etc. The development of these fields provided new channels and motivation for the development of the commodity economy. In general, the development of China's commodity economy during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was very prosperous. It not only promoted the development of China's economy, but also made an important contribution to the development of the world economy.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's economic development experienced a rapid stage, which was mainly manifested in the following aspects: 1. The development of the handicraft industry: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the handicraft industry became the main mode of production. The technology of the handicraft industry was greatly developed, and many exquisite products were produced. 2. Commercial development: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, commercial activities were widely developed. Many commercial shops appeared in the city, and the scope of commercial activities also expanded to the countryside. 3. The development of commodity economy: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many new commodities appeared, such as buffalo, tea, silk, etc. These commodities were widely sold in the market. 4. The expansion of trade: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the scale of China's trade continued to expand. Trade with overseas countries became more frequent, and Chinese goods and technology were widely disseminated. 5. Changes in the monetary system: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the monetary system changed. Silver became the main currency in circulation, and copper coins gradually replaced the status of silver, which made the exchange of goods more convenient. The development of commodity economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties promoted the development of China's society and economy, laying the foundation for the later industrial revolution.

The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the peak period of China's ancient economy. The basic characteristics of the development of the commodity economy were as follows: 1. The expansion of commodity exchange: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the acceleration of the process of urban development and the development of commercial activities, the scope and quantity of commodity exchange continued to expand. 2. The development of the handicraft industry: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the handicraft industry was very developed. The variety and quantity of the handicraft products far exceeded the commercial products and became the main economic pillar of the society at that time. 3. International trade: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's trade activities had become international, establishing trade relations with many overseas countries and carrying out large-scale overseas trade. 4. The improvement of the quality of goods: The commodity economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties developed, and the quality and technical level of the products were improved. Many goods became tributes to the court and the people at that time. 5. The development of commercial organizations: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many commercial organizations such as guilds and guilds appeared, which provided convenience and support for commercial activities and promoted the development of commerce.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the most prominent manifestation of the further development of the commodity economy was in the handicraft industry and the commercial field. In terms of the handicraft industry, the Ming and Qing Dynasties 'handicraft industry developed rapidly and produced many exquisite goods. For example, China's ceramic, textile, paper, pharmaceutical and other fields have made significant progress. At the same time, the handicraftsmen also made greater profits in the sales of goods, which promoted the development of the handicraftsmen. In terms of commerce, the merchants of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were more active and the scale of their commerce continued to expand. Many new ways of doing business appeared in the commercial world. For example, the merchants of Venice made profits through trade and actively participated in political activities. The commercial prosperity of the Ming and Qing Dynasties also left important experiences and lessons for later generations.

The main reason for the high development of classical novels in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was the prosperity of the commodity economy. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's feudal society gradually declined, but the commodity economy was increasingly prosperous. This made the novel, as a literary form that reflected social reality and people's lives, more widely spread and created. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the production of goods and the scale of trade continued to expand, and the demand for various goods also increased day by day. This led to the widening of the social divide between the rich and the poor, and the increasingly sharp social contradictions. In this case, the novel as a literary form can reflect the social reality and social contradictions by describing the social reality and characters, thus guiding the readers to think about social problems and moral values. The development of the commodity economy also provided rich materials and topics for the creation of novels. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, all kinds of literary works such as poetry, prose, opera and so on had made innovation and breakthroughs in reflecting social reality and expressing thoughts and emotions. However, as the representative of literary forms, novels were more prominent in expressing social reality and characters. The main reason for the high development of classical novels in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was the development of commodity economy, which made novels, as a literary form, reflect social reality and express people's feelings more deeply and extensively.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, some new phenomena appeared in the development of the commodity economy, including: The rise of the tea market: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the tea market in China gradually rose and became one of the most important commodities at that time. The production and sales of tea leaves had been greatly developed, and the production process had been continuously improved. 2. Prosperity of the silk market: Silk was one of the most important export commodities in ancient China. The silk market during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was also very prosperous. China's silk production technology continued to improve, and the quality of the silk produced became higher and higher, and the price became more and more expensive. 3. The development of the porcelain market: Porcelain was one of the most important crafts in ancient China. The porcelain market in the Ming and Qing Dynasties also made great progress. China's porcelain production technology continued to improve, and the quality of the porcelain produced became higher and higher, and the price became more and more expensive. 4. The expansion of the spice market: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's spice market also made great progress. There were many spice producing areas in China, and the production process was very complicated. The quality of the spices produced was very high. These new phenomena indicated that the development of commodity economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties had surpassed the traditional handicraft industry and agricultural economy and began to develop into a more complex market economy.

The development of the commodity economy in the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The influence on ideology and culture. In the four periods of Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing, the development of commodity economy caused great changes in the field of ideology and culture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, with the development of the economy, the exchange of goods had become a part of daily life, so the ideology and culture had also changed. The Tang Dynasty poet Bai Juyi once said,"Merchants value profit more than parting." This showed that in the Tang Dynasty, merchants had attached great importance to business transactions and despised parting feelings. In the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the development of commodity economy was more significant, and people's ideology and culture also changed. Li Shizhong, a merchant of the Ming Dynasty, once said,"Agriculture is not as good as workers, not as good as merchants, not as good as officials, not as good as thieves." This showed that the status of merchants in the Ming Dynasty was far lower than other professions, and the collusion between officials and merchants had become a corrupt phenomenon. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the agricultural economy was highly developed. At the same time, it revealed the following characteristics: The development of agricultural economy made the society relatively stable, providing enough food and other agricultural products to provide the foundation for the development of commodity economy. The agricultural economy was highly developed, and the living standards of farmers had been improved, so the ideology and culture had also changed. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, farmers criticized the government's supervision and thought that the government should pay more attention to the development of agriculture instead of interfering with their lives. The development of farming economy also brought about the continuous advancement of agricultural technology, making agricultural production more efficient and providing protection for the development of commodity economy.

The main reasons for the development of urban economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties included: 1. Commercial prosperity: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's economic center of gravity gradually shifted southward. The commercial development of southern cities far exceeded that of northern cities. The commercial prosperity of the southern cities was mainly due to the development of commodity economy and handicraft technology in the Jiangnan area. Silk, tea, porcelain, and other goods in the Jiangnan area were sold well at home and abroad, which promoted the commercial development of the southern cities. 2. population growth: during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's population grew rapidly, and the demand of cities also increased correspondingly. In order to meet the needs of population growth, cities needed more land and buildings, and more workers and labor. 3. Development of science and technology: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's science and technology developed rapidly. The continuous innovation and improvement of technology in the fields of handicraft, agriculture, and water conservancy projects provided support for the development of the urban economy. For example, water conservancy projects in the south such as the Pearl River, Yangtze River, and Yuejiang River provided an important guarantee for urban flood control and irrigation. 4. policy encouragement: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the government adopted a series of measures to encourage urban economic development, such as issuing land permits, providing tax relief, encouraging trade, and so on. These policies provided a good policy and environment for the development of the urban economy. The main reasons for the development of urban economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties included commercial prosperity, population growth, scientific and technological development, and policy encouragement. These factors together promoted the development of the city's economy.

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the commodity economy and overseas trade developed rapidly and became one of the most prosperous economic phenomena in the world at that time. During the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279), China's economic development reached a peak, and the prosperity of commodity trade was also very high. At that time, China's trading partners included Arab countries, Persia, Central Asia, and European countries. Through the land and sea Silk Road, China's trading partners could transport goods to China's coastal areas, thus promoting the development of the commodity economy. During the Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368), China's overseas trade was more extensive and developed. The Yuan government implemented a policy of free trade, allowing merchants to engage in trade activities freely. The targets of overseas trade included East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Africa. During this period, China's trading partners included North Korea, Japan, Arab countries, Persia, India, Nepal, and Tibet. Through overseas trade, China's economy has been further developed. Generally speaking, the development of commodity economy in the Song and Yuan Dynasties promoted the prosperity of overseas trade. China's trading partners covered all parts of the world. Through trade, China's economy had further developed.

The Ming and Qing Dynasties were an important period in the field of literature in China. Many new literary forms and some important new phenomena appeared, including: 1. The rise of the novel: The novel in the Ming and Qing Dynasties developed very quickly and became one of the main forms of literature at that time. The novel was featured by its twists and turns, rich characters, and vivid language. Many famous novels such as Dream of the Red Chamber and Journey to the West had extremely high artistic value. The revival of poetry: The poetry of the Ming and Qing Dynasties also showed a trend of revival. Some famous poets and poetry works appeared. For example, the poems of Wen Zhengming, Li Shizhong and Xu Wei in the Ming Dynasty had high artistic value. 3. The development of prose: The prose of the Ming and Qing Dynasties was also developing, and some important essayists and prose works appeared. For example, the prose works of Cao Xueqin and Lu Xun in the Qing Dynasty had high literary value. 4. The development of literary criticism: The literary criticism of the Ming and Qing Dynasties also gradually formed a group of important literary critics and literary theories who made profound analysis and evaluation of literary works and literary phenomena. These new phenomena laid the foundation for the later development of literature and made the literature of the Ming and Qing Dynasties an important part of the treasure house of Chinese culture.