The characteristics of the three stages of the development of modern Chinese literature

There were three stages in the development of modern Chinese literature: The first stage (1949 - 1966): The Chinese classical literary tradition represented by Dream of the Red Chamber. The literary creation of this stage was mainly influenced by traditional culture, emphasizing morality, emotion, and philosophy of life, pursuing the coordination of form and artistic conception. The second stage (1966 - 1976): The literary tradition of the theory of contradiction and practice. The literary creation of this stage mainly reflected the criticism and exploration of reality, emphasizing ideology and political accuracy, pursuing realism and revolutionary. The third stage (1976 - 1980): the realistic literary tradition represented by "Ordinary World" and "Journey to the West". The literary creation of this stage emphasized the plot and character creation, and the pursuit of human nature and destiny reflected the true face of social life.

The development of Chinese literature could be divided into the following stages: 1. The traditional literature stage (from the early 20th century to the middle of the 20th century): During this period, Chinese literature was influenced by Western culture and began to transition to modern literature. The main representative works were "Dream of the Red Chamber,""Journey to the West,""Water Margins" and so on. 2. The New Culture Movement (from the middle of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century): During this period, Chinese literature set off the New Culture Movement, advocating new ideas, new literature, and new arts. The main representative works were "Scream,""Hesitation,""The True Story of Ah Q" and so on. 3. Modern literature stage (from the beginning of the 21st century to the end of the 20th century): During this period, Chinese literature made a major breakthrough and many excellent modern literary works emerged, such as Lu Xun, Lao She, Mao Dun, Ba Jin, etc. The works of this period were diverse and focused on expressing social reality. 4. The contemporary literature stage (from the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century): During this period, Chinese literature entered a new stage of development. The works paid more attention to reflecting the contemporary society and people's lives. Representative, Yu Hua, Jia Pingao, etc. 5. Modern literature stage (from the beginning of the 21st century to the present): During this period, many new literary schools appeared in Chinese literature, such as modern school, new realism, new martial arts novels, etc. These literary schools focused on the contemporary society and people's lives, but also paid attention to traditional culture and history. Representative, Ancient Dragon, Mo Yan, etc.

Renaissance literature was an important period in the history of European literature, and its development could be divided into many stages. The following are the stages and characteristics of the development of Renaissance literature: 1 Early Renaissance (late 14th century to early 16th century): The literature of this period was mainly Italian literature, and the representative figures were Dante, Alighieri, Virgil, etc. His literary style was mainly poetry, and his language was beautiful and poetic. He showed his admiration and worship for ancient Greek and Roman culture. 2. Middle Renaissance (early 16th century to early 17th century): The literature of this period was mainly British literature, and the representative figures were William shakespeare and Bacon. His literary style was mainly drama and novels, which showed his concern and criticism of social reality, but also showed his pursuit of humanism. 3. Late Renaissance (early 17th century to early 18th century): The literature of this period was mainly represented by American literary figures such as Newton and Dickens. His literary style was mainly novels and poems, which showed the pursuit of freedom, equality, and democracy. At the same time, it also showed the reflection and criticism of traditional culture. The characteristics of Renaissance literature included: 1. Humanism: Renaissance literature showed the pursuit of humanism, emphasizing human dignity and value, individual freedom and the development of personality. 2. Admire ancient culture: Renaissance literature admired and worshipped ancient Greek and Roman culture throughout the entire period. Symbols and symbols of ancient culture often appeared in literary works. 3. Beautiful language: The language of the Renaissance literature is beautiful and poetic, showing the love of language and literature. 4. Play and novels: Renaissance literature mainly used plays and novels to show concern and criticism of social life, but also showed a love for art.

The development stages of the comparison literature can be divided into three periods from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century: 1 Early Comparatively Literature (Late 19th century to early 20th century) The main goal of this period was to explore the differences and similarities between different cultures. The famous pioneer of comparison literature was France. They revealed the complexity and variety of human society by comparing the society, history, art, and lifestyle of different cultures. 2. Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century In this period, the comparison literature paid more attention to the commonality and connection between cultures. For example, human feelings, desires, and values. At the same time, there were also some important theories such as cultural comparison theory and cultural multiculturalism. 3 Late period of literature (early 21st century to present) The later stage of the literature emphasized on cross-cultural communication and integration, emphasizing mutual understanding and respect between different cultures. The representatives of this period were Chandelier and Camus of France.

The Renaissance was an important period in European history and also an important period in the development of literature. During the Renaissance, literature experienced three stages of development. The first stage was the period of literary revival from the late 14th century to the early 16th century. During this period, literature began to restore traditional literary forms such as poetry, novels, and plays, and some important literary forms such as shakespeare, cervantes, and virgil appeared. Their works not only rediscovered ancient literary classics, but also created new literary forms and styles. The second stage was the period of classical literature from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. During this period, literature began to return to classical literature in pursuit of the rigor of form and structure. Some important ones such as Bacon, Homer, and Vergil appeared. Their works were similar to classical literature in language, form, and content, and emphasized rationality and science. The third stage was the period of literary romanticism from the early 17th century to the middle of the 18th century. During this period, literature began to develop in the direction of sensuality and personality, and a group of important people such as Hugo, Dickens, and Maupassant appeared. Their works not only focused on describing the character's personality and psychology, but also emphasized sensitivity and imagination.

Han Fu was an important style in ancient Chinese literature and an important part of Han Dynasty culture. Its development had gone through several stages, and the following were its main characteristics: 1. Initial stage (104 - 6 B.C.): Sima Qian in the early Han Dynasty described some Fu works in the Records of the Historian. These Fu works had a relatively primitive form and mostly described natural scenery and war scenes. 2. Stage of development (2nd to 5th century AD): In the Han Dynasty, Fu gradually lost the simple and unsophisticated style of Sima Qian's era and gradually developed in the direction of magnificence, lyricism, and exaggeration. These works mostly described the life of nobles, banquets, love and so on. 3. The mature stage (from the 5th century to the 12th century): The Fu of this period reached its peak and formed a new literary form called "Fu of Sao". These works mostly expressed the author's lofty aspirations, thoughts, feelings, and attitude towards life. 4. Decline stage (12th century to the late Middle Ages): In the Tang Dynasty, poetry gradually replaced the status of Fu and Fu gradually lost its literary value. The development of Han Fu had gone through a process of evolution from initial creation to maturity and then to decline. Each stage had different characteristics and styles.

The overall characteristics of the development of poetry in modern Chinese literature can be summarized as: After the May 4th Movement, poetry became one of the important representatives of the New Culture Movement. It opposed traditional culture and old ideas and advocated democracy, science and freedom. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, poetry became an important part of the socialistic literature, showing the deep love for the people and the pursuit of the ideal of socialism. After the reform and opening up, poetry gradually received attention, showing the return of traditional culture and the concern and reflection of contemporary life. The forms and techniques of modern poetry were also constantly being invented and developed, resulting in the emergence of many influential poets and works such as Haizi, Beidao, Yuguang Zhong, Wang Guozhen, etc. Modern poetry is also very rich in expressing thoughts and emotions, showing thoughts and feelings about life, nature, love and so on.

The development stages and characteristics of ancient Chinese cultural history are as follows: 1 Xia, Shang and Zhou (about 2070 - 256 B.C.): This was an important period in the history of ancient Chinese culture and the source of Chinese myths and legends. The cultural characteristics of this period were the use of bronze and the establishment of the ritual and music system, which marked the beginning of Chinese civilization. 2. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (about 770 - 221 B.C.): This was a period of change in the history of ancient Chinese culture and an important period of Chinese ideology and culture. The cultural characteristics of this period were the emergence of Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, Legalism and other schools of thought, as well as the rise of ideology such as patriotism and collectivistic. 3. Qin and Han Dynasties (about 221 B.C. to 220 A.D.): This was an important period in the history of ancient Chinese culture and the beginning of China's feudal dynasty. The cultural characteristics of this period were the establishment of a unified country and the establishment of Confucianism as the official ideology. 4. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (220 - 589 AD): This was an important period in the history of ancient Chinese culture and also a prosperous period of Chinese culture and art. The cultural characteristics of this period were the development of various fields such as metaphysics, literature, and art, as well as the rise of Buddhism and Taoism. 5 Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (581 - 1911): This was an important period in the history of ancient Chinese culture and the peak of Chinese culture and art. The cultural characteristics of this period were the prosperity of literature and art. The development and innovation of literary forms such as poetry, prose, novels, and dramas, as well as the development of religious cultures such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism.

The development of ancient Chinese novels could be divided into three stages: 1. Pre-Qin novels: appeared in the 11th century to the 6th century B.C., mainly describing war, aristocratic politics, and exploration in the context of history books such as the Spring and Autumn Annals and Zuo Zhuan. 2. Qin and Han novels: From the 6th century B.C. to the 2nd century A.D., they mainly describe historical events, political struggles, wars, etc. with historical works such as Records of the Historian and Han Shu as the background. 3. Tang and Song novels: From the 2nd century to the 9th century, they mainly describe social reality such as chivalry, love, marriage, and business in the context of literary works such as Water Margins, Journey to the West, and Dream of the Red Chamber. The characteristics of these three stages were as follows: The characteristics of the pre-Qin novels were that the content was relatively simple, with historical events and legends as the main way of description. The oral tradition was mainly based on biographies and events. 2. The Qin and Han novels were rich in content and began to form certain literary forms, such as the biographies in the Records of the Historian and the novels in the Book of Han. At the same time, a number of works about war, aristocratic politics, and exploration appeared. 3. The Tang and Song novels were the most mature literary forms, with the emergence of prose-based novels, creating a precedent for novel creation with the theme of describing real life. At the same time, the depth of thought and artistic value of literary works had also been greatly improved.

The development of ancient Chinese music could be divided into three stages, each with different characteristics. The first stage was the music of the Yellow River basin from the 13th century to the 6th century. The musical works of this stage were mainly folk songs and operas, with relatively simple melodies and rhythms, using a large number of repetitions and changes, as well as singing various scenes and characters in life. The second stage was the music of the Yangtze River basin from the 6th century B.C. to the 5th century A.D. The music works of this stage were mainly palace music and literati music, with more complex melodies and rhythms, rich harmony and instrument performances. Musical works usually contain a large number of classical music elements such as tonality, melody, harmony, rhythm, and instrument performance techniques. The third stage was the music of the Jiangnan area from the 5th century to the 19th century. The music works in this stage were mainly folk music and literati music, which had the unique style and characteristics of Jiangnan area. Music works usually used folk music elements such as folk songs and dances and rap, as well as literary music elements such as classical music harmony and instrument performance techniques. The music works of this stage also integrated the musical elements of India, Persia, Arabia and other places to form a unique style of Chinese music.